Adverb: Rules of Use of Adverbs
Rule 1- Position of Adverbs- किसी वाक्य में Adverb किस स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाए, इसका बहुत महत्व है अर्थात् हमारे लिए यह जानना आवश्यक है कि किसी वाक्य में Adverb के प्रयोग करने की सही position क्या है| यदि वाक्य में Adverb अपनी सही position में प्रयोग नहीं किया गया तो वाक्य का अर्थ ही बदल जाएगा, और कभी-कभी अर्थ का अनर्थ भी हो सकता है| उदाहरण के लिए only का प्रयोग निम्न वाक्यों में देखने पर पता चलता है कि only की position बदलने से वाक्य का अर्थ बदल जाता है-
1.Only he can read.
अर्थात् केवल वही पढ़ सकता है, दूसरा कोई नहीं|
2. He can only read.
अर्थात् वह केवल पढ़ सकता है, लिख नहीं सकता और न बोल सकता है|
3. He can read only.
अर्थात् वह केवल पढ़ने का काम कर सकता है, दूसरा कोई काम नहीं|
इस प्रकार Adverb को सही position में प्रयोग करने के rules निम्नलिखित हैं-
(a) Adverb of Manner- ये प्राय: verb के बाद प्रयोग की जाती है, किन्तु यदि उस verb का object भी प्रयोग हुआ हो तो Adverb उस object के बाद प्रयोग की जाएगी| जैसे-
1. He speaks softly.
(He softly speaks नहीं)
2. He drives cautiously.
(He cautiously drives नहीं )
3. He reads his book carefully.
(He reads carefully his book नहीं होगा|)
4. I visit him regularly.
(I regularly visit him नहीं होगा|)
5. She loves him heartily.
(She heartily loves him नहीं होगा|)
(b) Adverb phrase of Time and Place भी verb के बाद या उस verb के object के बाद प्रयोग किये जाते हैं| जैसे-
1. I will return soon.
(I soon will return.) नहीं
2.They go there.
(They there go.)
3.I go home next week.
(I next week go home.नहीं होगा|)
4. There were flowers everywhere.
(There were everywhere flowers नहीं होगा|)
(c) यदि किसी verb या उसके object के बाद दो या दो से अधिक Adverbs का प्रयोग करना हो तो उनका क्रम इस प्रकार रहेगा- adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time. जैसे-
1.He spoke impressively at the function yesterday.
2. She wept bitterly at the playground last evening.
3. He comes regularly at the stadium every morning.
4. You should reach home by this evening.
(d) Adverb of Frequency जैसे-(always, never, often, rarely, usually, generally.) और कुछ अन्य verbs जैसे-(almost, already, hardly, nearly, just, quite.) subject और verb के बीच में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, यदि verb एक शब्द की हो, किन्तु यदि verb में एक से अधिक शब्द हों तो इनका प्रयोग verb के पहले शब्द के बाद किया जाता है| जैसे-
1.I just saw him at the gate.
2. He has already finished his work.
3. He has rarely been coming to me.
4.He has frequently been absenting himself from the class.
5. We usually go there.
(e) उपर्युक्त सभी Adverbs (given under (d) above) Auxiliary Verbs (is, are, am, was, were) के बाद, किन्तु अन्य verbs से पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं| जैसे-
1. I am always ready.
2. He is often late.
3. We were never happy there.
4. He seldom comes here.
5. He generally travels by bus.
6. I frequently meet him in the market.
(f) उपर्युक्त सभी Adverbs (given under (d) above) Auxiliary Verbs या single verb be से पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, यदि verb पर जोर (stress) देना हो या short form में उत्तर देना हो| जैसे-
1. "He has again forgotten to bring his books,"
"yes, he always does forget to bring his books."
2. "Are you free this evening.?"
"yes, I usually am free in the evenings."
3. "When does he go to Mumbai?"
"He already has gone to Mumbai."
4. "Do you travel by plane?"
"yes, I sometimes do." (short form answer)
(g) Auxiliaries have to/used to के प्रयोग में Adverb उनसे पहले प्रयोग की जाती है| जैसे-
1. I often have to go by bus.
2. He always used to be kind to me.
3. He never has to go alone.
(h) जब कोई Adverb किसी Adjective या दूसरे Adverb को modify करती है तो वह उस Adjective या Adverb से पहले प्रयोग की जाती है| जैसे-
1. His lecture was very interesting.
2. He is very highly qualified.
3. Do you drive so fast?
4. He is wonderfully intelligent.
(i) Adverb enough हमेशा उस शब्द के बाद प्रयोग की जाती है जिसे वह modify करती है| जैसे-
1. He was good enough to help me.
2. This house is large enough for our purpose.
3. He is brave enough to face the situation.
(j) Only का प्रयोग उस शब्द से ठीक पहले किया जाता है जिसे वह modify करता है| जैसे-
1. He worked only two hours yesterday.
2. I attempted only twice to climb to the top.
Note:- लेकिन spoken English में only का प्रयोग verb से पहले किया जा सकता है| जैसे-
1. He only worked two hours yesterday.
2. I only attempted twice to climb to the top.
(k) Negative Adverb 'not' हमेशा Auxiliary Verb और Principal Verb के बीच में प्रयोग किया जाता है| जैसे-
1. He did not reach in time.
2. I shall not meet him.
3. He has not spoken a word.
Rule -2 यदि कोई Adverb (a) पूरे वाक्य को qualify करे या (b) बहुत emphasis देने के लिए प्रयुक्त करना हो , तो वह वाक्य के आरम्भ में प्रयोग किया जाता है| जैसे-
1.Unfortunately a very serious accident occurred.
2. Luckily no one was killed.
3. Out came the lion from the den and stood before us.
Rule-3. Double Negative
Negative अर्थ में किसी वाक्य में Double Negative प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए| Double Negative का अर्थ affirmative हो जाता है या उसका कोई अर्थ नहीं निकलता है|
1. I cannot walk no further now. -(यहाँ no further के स्थान पर 'any further' होना चाहिए|)
2. Nothing never happened.-( 'never' के स्थान पर 'ever' होना चाहिए|)
3. I don't want nothing.('nothing' के स्थान पर 'anything''होना चाहिए|)
4. He was not honest neither. (neither के स्थान पर either होना चाहिए)
5. I forbid you not to go there. ( यहाँ not हटेगा क्योंकि 'forbid' का अर्थ negative (not to permit) होता है|
1.Only he can read.
अर्थात् केवल वही पढ़ सकता है, दूसरा कोई नहीं|
2. He can only read.
अर्थात् वह केवल पढ़ सकता है, लिख नहीं सकता और न बोल सकता है|
3. He can read only.
अर्थात् वह केवल पढ़ने का काम कर सकता है, दूसरा कोई काम नहीं|
इस प्रकार Adverb को सही position में प्रयोग करने के rules निम्नलिखित हैं-
(a) Adverb of Manner- ये प्राय: verb के बाद प्रयोग की जाती है, किन्तु यदि उस verb का object भी प्रयोग हुआ हो तो Adverb उस object के बाद प्रयोग की जाएगी| जैसे-
1. He speaks softly.
(He softly speaks नहीं)
2. He drives cautiously.
(He cautiously drives नहीं )
3. He reads his book carefully.
(He reads carefully his book नहीं होगा|)
4. I visit him regularly.
(I regularly visit him नहीं होगा|)
5. She loves him heartily.
(She heartily loves him नहीं होगा|)
(b) Adverb phrase of Time and Place भी verb के बाद या उस verb के object के बाद प्रयोग किये जाते हैं| जैसे-
1. I will return soon.
(I soon will return.) नहीं
2.They go there.
(They there go.)
3.I go home next week.
(I next week go home.नहीं होगा|)
4. There were flowers everywhere.
(There were everywhere flowers नहीं होगा|)
(c) यदि किसी verb या उसके object के बाद दो या दो से अधिक Adverbs का प्रयोग करना हो तो उनका क्रम इस प्रकार रहेगा- adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time. जैसे-
1.He spoke impressively at the function yesterday.
2. She wept bitterly at the playground last evening.
3. He comes regularly at the stadium every morning.
4. You should reach home by this evening.
(d) Adverb of Frequency जैसे-(always, never, often, rarely, usually, generally.) और कुछ अन्य verbs जैसे-(almost, already, hardly, nearly, just, quite.) subject और verb के बीच में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, यदि verb एक शब्द की हो, किन्तु यदि verb में एक से अधिक शब्द हों तो इनका प्रयोग verb के पहले शब्द के बाद किया जाता है| जैसे-
1.I just saw him at the gate.
2. He has already finished his work.
3. He has rarely been coming to me.
4.He has frequently been absenting himself from the class.
5. We usually go there.
(e) उपर्युक्त सभी Adverbs (given under (d) above) Auxiliary Verbs (is, are, am, was, were) के बाद, किन्तु अन्य verbs से पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं| जैसे-
1. I am always ready.
2. He is often late.
3. We were never happy there.
4. He seldom comes here.
5. He generally travels by bus.
6. I frequently meet him in the market.
(f) उपर्युक्त सभी Adverbs (given under (d) above) Auxiliary Verbs या single verb be से पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, यदि verb पर जोर (stress) देना हो या short form में उत्तर देना हो| जैसे-
1. "He has again forgotten to bring his books,"
"yes, he always does forget to bring his books."
2. "Are you free this evening.?"
"yes, I usually am free in the evenings."
3. "When does he go to Mumbai?"
"He already has gone to Mumbai."
4. "Do you travel by plane?"
"yes, I sometimes do." (short form answer)
(g) Auxiliaries have to/used to के प्रयोग में Adverb उनसे पहले प्रयोग की जाती है| जैसे-
1. I often have to go by bus.
2. He always used to be kind to me.
3. He never has to go alone.
(h) जब कोई Adverb किसी Adjective या दूसरे Adverb को modify करती है तो वह उस Adjective या Adverb से पहले प्रयोग की जाती है| जैसे-
1. His lecture was very interesting.
2. He is very highly qualified.
3. Do you drive so fast?
4. He is wonderfully intelligent.
(i) Adverb enough हमेशा उस शब्द के बाद प्रयोग की जाती है जिसे वह modify करती है| जैसे-
1. He was good enough to help me.
2. This house is large enough for our purpose.
3. He is brave enough to face the situation.
(j) Only का प्रयोग उस शब्द से ठीक पहले किया जाता है जिसे वह modify करता है| जैसे-
1. He worked only two hours yesterday.
2. I attempted only twice to climb to the top.
Note:- लेकिन spoken English में only का प्रयोग verb से पहले किया जा सकता है| जैसे-
1. He only worked two hours yesterday.
2. I only attempted twice to climb to the top.
(k) Negative Adverb 'not' हमेशा Auxiliary Verb और Principal Verb के बीच में प्रयोग किया जाता है| जैसे-
1. He did not reach in time.
2. I shall not meet him.
3. He has not spoken a word.
Rule -2 यदि कोई Adverb (a) पूरे वाक्य को qualify करे या (b) बहुत emphasis देने के लिए प्रयुक्त करना हो , तो वह वाक्य के आरम्भ में प्रयोग किया जाता है| जैसे-
1.Unfortunately a very serious accident occurred.
2. Luckily no one was killed.
3. Out came the lion from the den and stood before us.
Rule-3. Double Negative
Negative अर्थ में किसी वाक्य में Double Negative प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए| Double Negative का अर्थ affirmative हो जाता है या उसका कोई अर्थ नहीं निकलता है|
1. I cannot walk no further now. -(यहाँ no further के स्थान पर 'any further' होना चाहिए|)
2. Nothing never happened.-( 'never' के स्थान पर 'ever' होना चाहिए|)
3. I don't want nothing.('nothing' के स्थान पर 'anything''होना चाहिए|)
4. He was not honest neither. (neither के स्थान पर either होना चाहिए)
5. I forbid you not to go there. ( यहाँ not हटेगा क्योंकि 'forbid' का अर्थ negative (not to permit) होता है|
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DeleteHe will soon finish his work me adverb
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